Psychology “working alliance”

The viability of treatment in directing is needy significantly on two elements; in particular, the patient’s collaboration, and the mastery of the advisor. Numerous specialists in the field of Psychology have watched the critical commitment of the customer to the general procedure. The individual’s view of the specialist is amazingly significant to the resulting treatment. Without the required starting positive view of the advisor with respect to the one looking for treatment, the entire procedure won't produce an ideal force that would set the whole plan in a key stance.Of course, the aptitude of the specialist is another central point †really, the other half †however it’s a given to the entire bundle of treatment (Borys and Hope, 1989). Since a â€Å"working alliance† must be set up first before the real treatment is controlled, there are significant or imperative contemplations for this â€Å"working alliance† among customer and advisor to happen, which can be impacted extraordinarily by the event of transference and counter-transference, and this is in abstract, the aims of this paper.This will be considered as a feature of the issues and difficulties that specialists face as they practice their calling (Corey, 2004, p. 36-112). Conversation The past stuff of the customer. From any vantage point, the degree of trust by customer on his advisor, regardless of whether that discernment depends on engaging quality, reliability or as somebody who comprehends what he might be managing as far as certifications, are legitimate, and is the most extreme worry of the helping relationship. Trust in the piece of the customer is important for the mending process.However, in light of the fact that the full repercussions of the issue quite often rely on the impression of the customer, the issues and obstacles should be tended to or if nothing else refered to for lucidity and consideration at the beginning of the relationship (Cor ey, 2004, p. 36-145). As indicated over, the customer might be bringing (psychological weight) into their common inclusion which might be expected to earlier commitment with different experts in the remedial relations, regardless of whether positive or negative.Oftentimes, as a rule, these might be contacts which were ineffective, tacky or even awful for a couple. The creator called attention to that any type of future treatment will be influenced because of these past encounters, and it must be managed immediately at the beginning (Horvath and Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). Characterizing transference and counter-transference It was a Freudian origination that slung â€Å"transference† into a much perceived phrasing inside the guiding practice.This was first seen when in the act of psychotherapy, patients or customers created forceful emotionalities, for example, connections and even dreams that were not reasonable. In more noteworthy circle today, transference doesn't occur inside psychotherapy but instead a typical experience by many. Nearest to the term transference, is a delineation with the end goal that an individual can be viewed as an organic time machine, when something is reviewed dependent on specific circumstances or discussions that trigger the memory and carry scenes and interests to the current reality.The components of a person’s past requirements in emotionality and mental regions are moved into the present. Moreover, the sentiments can be befuddling with regards to the reasons of its appearance and as a rule amazing enough an influencer of connections and lead of one’s issues. Representation 1. (Source: Dombeck, 2009) For a great many people, there is acknowledgment of the nearness of a triangle in the figure over; an acknowledgment when as a general rule, no triangle is really present.This optical hallucination of a triangle exists due to earlier presentation to a comparative figure. The nearness of a triangle is like transfere nce experience wherein earlier introduction to individuals and connections bring many coming about encounters to the present even absent a lot of exertion or strain (Dombeck, 2009). In restorative relationship, the comprehension of the nearness of transference in all of one’s connections causes an expert to likewise give the customer bits of knowledge into inconveniences involving transference (Corey, 2004).Actively assessing these potential outcomes of the practitioner’s transference propensities can help kill or diminish issues that ruin the remedial relationship. Loathing an advisor or building up a fascination are solid emotions that can be experienced by a customer which are instances of transference. Accordingly, it is inside the setting of the helping calling and it is genuine for an advisor to look or assess along with the customer what comparative medicines he encountered before had he felt a similar emotions.Self-mindfulness is a significant perspective in en thusiastic development or potentially development thus consciousness of the therapist’s own propensities is a principal fixing in the training. This must likewise be adequately passed on to and comprehended by the customer (Kitchener, 2000, p 45). Also, the event of counter-transference in which the specialist creates mentalities and emotions (transference) towards his customer can be genuine and all the more regularly counter gainful. Managing the issues that the advisor has are basic parts of the profession.Only specialists and the individuals who deliberately had built up moral methods of managing patients or customers can all the more likely handle counter-transferences that happen (Welfel, 2005, p. 320). Mourning, misfortune and end Bereavement is loss of a friend or family member and any type of misfortune, for example, passing, partition and the end of relationship of whichever kind as long as these connections were crucial to the mental prosperity of an individual are completely viewed as comparable or the equivalent (Jacobs et al. , 2000).All these human encounters are normal to one’s presence and unavoidable or inescapable in one’s lifetime. At the point when an individual encounters despondency, he experiences a condition of grieving and different changes in his feelings and mental working emerge. It can go from alarm issue, significant despondency, nervousness issue or even PTSD (posttraumatic stress issue) which may result to medication or liquor use or the expansion of the utilization of poisonous and destructive substances (Jacobs et al. , 2000; Jacobs and Prigerson, 2000, p.23). Transference and issues of misfortune or end The experience of lamenting for misfortune can be conceivable additionally when a customer needs to end their helpful relationship. Related involvements of misfortune, for example, passing or partition like separation can most likely trigger comparable feelings when the specialist at last bids farewell an d shuts the expert connection with this customer. This was valid with a companion who had experienced treatment and for the drawn-out period of time accomplished a similarity to prosperity as a result of the sessions.However, in light of the fact that this was at that point going to a continuously fruitful helping relationship, her advisor gradually highlighted the conceivable outcomes of the requirement for ending the treatment. This companion returned home and began to encounter like a frenzy issue which she experienced when her significant other declared that he was separating from her. Floods of outrage and disappointment, and for the most part misery and misfortune and vacancy appeared to immerse her, taking steps to overpower her once more. This was a basic scene of her life which may disentangle the qualities she had picked up in the treatment (Jacobs and Prigerson, 2000, p.23). Therapist’s counter-transference on client’s issues of misfortune, loss or end As re ferenced, attention to one’s issues must involve decision and steady self-observing and assessment since this can be basic to the client’s ideal working or recuperation just as the therapist’s own maintenance of mental and physical prosperity (Welfel, 2005, p. 235-355). Along these lines, issues of misfortune, deprivation or end that once influenced the advisor ought to likewise be managed and arrangements in taking care of for potential event are an absolute necessity (Neimeyer, 2000).In my case, it is unquestionably evident that I have had events that a remedial relationship went bad in light of counter-transference. In the issue of end however, another companion customer of mine experienced anguish advising due to the passing of her kid whose destruction was unfavorable it might be said. It was a mishap of which she was likewise an observer. Throughout their helping relationship, this customer companion soon conquered her distress and misfortune and was reest ablished to the typical everyday direct of her undertakings. Along these lines, there was an ideal opportunity to bid farewell, and this customer companion went to bid farewell to her therapist.Unbeknownst to her, the restorative relationship was at that point arousing profound issues inside her specialist. There built up a counter-transference that however the advisor was attempting to keep away from and restrict had just gone its course. Until the end went to its last stage, this customer companion never knew about what was going on in light of the fact that her specialist never made her mindful of the problem. I came to think about it since I knew both the specialist and the customer as I was halfway instrumental to their gathering. To put it plainly, the advisor had created solid sentiments of connection to the client.She said that when end came maybe sentiments of dismissal came once more suggestive of when her previous spouse of quite a long while disclosed to her that everyth ing between them was a joke and that he was leaving her for another person. The division was unexpected and snappy and she said she was not permitted time to slow down the relationship or even persuade her significant other to remain. Her misfortune was pulverizing and it was an issue for her of trust, disavowal of kinship and profound situated resentment for the plain idea of somebody significant simply leaving her for insufficient persuading reasons.It was for this specialist an extremely silly advance to do to one who

Views of Barack obama vs. Hillary Clintons. Essay Example for Free

Perspectives on Barack obama versus Hillary Clintons. Paper Barack Obama and John Edwards, Mrs. Clinton’s are two primary adversaries for the Democratic presidential designation. They are both running pariahs/operators of progress. Both Clinton and Obama state they would change various things whenever chose as presidents. They contend that charge, wellbeing, firearm control and war in Iraq are their key issues to be taken a gander at. Mrs. Clinton contends that change must be a word without quality and experience to get it going. There are different likenesses and contrasts in the manner they see change on the off chance that they are to be leaders of the USA. We will see the accompanying key issues that are progressively significant for the individuals of the USA. Issue on The Economy. Vote based presidential leader Barack Obama and challenger, Hillary Clinton are both zooming on the economy as the battle moves to huge mechanical states loaded with misfortunes and abandonments . Since the economy in the USA is by all accounts declining it’s significant that this inquiry in genuinely took a gander at by all the vote based gatherings. They are both saying they need to carry a total change to the US economy that nearly the entire world relies upon. Clinton says the economy isn't serving the white collar class asking that for as long as four years efficiency has risen and compensation have declined she said I quote â€Å"America didn't construct most prominent economy on the planet since we had rich individuals; we fabricated the best economy on the planet since we assembled the America center class†. Them two need to revoke President George W. Bushs tax reductions, give financial freedom to the white collar class and increment system spending on medicinal services and instruction. Both grasp organized commerce to a deficient degree, and state of helping the individuals who miss out on account of globalization. Clinton introduces herself as an issue solver, focusing on collaboration among business and government, calling to lessen sponsorship in particularly Washington. She assaults obama asserting that she has activity not words and that she has approaches and experience to revamp the assembling base in the US and take a gander at common interests, she will get serious about out of line exchange with nations like china by investigating all current exchange advancement deal. She is appeared to be needing to determine issues on vitality, framework speculation, human services and qualities that assembled the U. S. economy. She needs to take United States difficulties all inclusive back to its essentials. Barack Obama says they ought to put resources into foundation ventures like streets, scaffolds and air terminals and furthermore plan to make efficient power vitality employments he says that he needs to significant center going ahead, that from Obama’s monetary counselor, saying he talks about the brake of the economy in the short run, and what interests as far as occupations, innovation and workforce masteries required for what's to come. Since Obama got significant votes from the lower pay voters he is truly anticipating see that the economy favors them as far as making better occupations for them and improving their ways of life. They are more than once clashing over the economy which is turning into the main issue of discussions ahead. With respect to the distinctions Clinton is offering focused on tax breaks while Obama more extensive white collar class charge help. Issue on Health care. Both Obama and Clinton are searching forward for means and ways and ways that we improve the wellbeing guidelines for the Americans particularly the low-pay individuals. They are recommending methods of seeing that general medicinal services is improved. Law based presidential competitor congressperson Hilary Rodham Clinton (NY) has clarified he far reaching financial encase than has a proposition to widen medical coverage to all U. S. inhabitants she was advising insurance agencies not to recognize of any wiped out individual. (Washington Post reports (weisman/Kornbult, Washington Post, 2/15). She was cautioning against medicate organizations and protection. At last she was for lessening in wellbeing costs make them progressively reasonable and attempt make more employments for the Americans that will have a solid developed base in America. She is suggesting methods of helping laborers in their late fifties and mid sixties to purchase Medicare and furthermore needs to advance clinical data apparatus supported Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist(R-Tenn). With Senator Barack Obama 76% of individuals with wellbeing worries about wellbeing costs and 72% have worries about doctor prescribed medication presentation and the security and prominence of care. He says that the greater part of the medical coverage organizations are progressing nicely so he doesn't support on more individuals taking protection covers yet rather improve in their administrations to individuals. There are extraordinary contentions between the two applicants on medical problems. Obama scrutinizes Clinton’s medicinal services plan for expecting everybody to buy a protection spread saying his arrangement. While Clinton commands social insurance inclusion Obamas plan doesnt have an order on any of the medicinal services issues. Issue on America at war. There are no distinctions with regards to the war in view of the competitors appear t o be against this war particularly the Iraq war, however Obama is by all accounts the more extraordinary up-and-comer who is more against this type of war. As indicated by Washington times legislators like Clinton and McCain decided in favor of the Iraq war that ought to have never been approved and compensated. In Barack Obama’s meetings and addresses contradict the war from the beginning even at this point. He truly needs harmony between the two nations since it has truly taken such a large number of assets particularly valuable lives and billions of dollars seven days than would have been utilized for other improvement ventures like structure crumbled schools and scaffolds; streets and structures; that would have put resources into kid work direction and care; or in any event, making human services moderate. He has taken clear and unswerving antiwar position on the Iraq war He has risen as the antiwar competitor continually lashing home his point. Obama says the reason for the war is expected to Bush’s bungle, poor organization and on the grounds that he would not like to be frustrated. Obama’s stand is steady and unequivocal against the war. He says the issue can be comprehended by exchange with Iraq. (Bbc. co. uk) Hillary ways she was against beginning the war she doesn't have a solid situation on the war in Iraq. First she has never casted a ballot against the war nor does she give any proposals to end the war. Issue on charge change Both Barrack Obama and Hillary have comparative idea on injuring down or diminishing expenses of duties for the inhabitants of U. S. , however Obama doesn't appear to have better tricks to go with his in understanding his objectives like Hillary Clinton has. Hillary has an arrangement of chopping down charges for the white collar class individuals. Another sufficient arrangement to end the lodging disaster with a ban of dispossessions and a freeze in fund rates for in danger mortgage holders. She anticipates diverting a great many dollars to oil organization continues to elective vitality research to discover answers for the vitality emergency and make around 5 million employments. Opposite Barack Obama has no plans of putting a suspension on home abandonments, he is for the Dick Cheney’s vitality charge that will give colossal tax reductions to oil organizations and to raise Social Security charges y a great many dollars. Issue on firearms Control On this last issue both Barrack Obama and Hillary have comparative assessments on the utilization and control of weapons. Obama proposes these standards on the issue of weapons. He says there ought to be a boycott in the deal or move of all assortments of semi-constant weapons; there ought to be an expansion in the condition of controls on the achievement and residency of guns; and producers are required to furnish kid wellbeing locks with guns. Hillary says there ought to be sum bun of all firearms in America. She further keeps on saying that they have to stand conservative for the benefit of firearm control enactment, laws that will keep weapons off children’s hands, outrageous and intellectually precarious individuals. At long last she says that she has a solid accept that all Americans as a country should battle to keep off weapons off individuals not approved to have firearms. To close the Democratic competitors have comparable perspectives yet various translations to be better presidents for the United States’ most remarkable nation. They are both testing each other decidedly with their thoughts and advancements that they are superior to the next for the improvement of the country and themselves. Every one of them need U. S. to be the best spot for the world that the remainder of the world may learn by model for them.

Shakespeare’s Hamlet: A Conflicted Demonstration

Despite the fact that Claudia additionally resentful this request by killing King Hamlet), for Hamlet to try and consider slaughtering Claudia, he crosses an ethical no-no. Besides, when the apparition charges Hamlet to ‘Revenge his foul and most unnatural homicide' and Hamlet acknowledges, answering ‘Haste me to Knott, that I with wings as quick/As reflection or the musings of adoration/May clear to my vengeance', he by and by ignores the Christian worth framework that declares Judgment and discipline to be just the privilege of God, and not of man.Hamlets just recovering activity, Is that subsequent to mulling over ‘To be, or not to be', he doesn't definitely end it all: a passing denied Christian internment. Besides a feeling of good and bad can be gotten from sound judgment, rationale and the soul. In such manner, Hamlet shows no ethical trustworthiness, as he right off the bat utilized Aphelia by showing to her a faked ‘antic air' (ACTA, Sac. To which she was ‘so freighted' (ACTA, SSL) previously permitting her to accept that her adoration had been sold out when he expressed ‘I love you not' to her answer, ‘l was the more misdirected' (Act, SSL After this, whenever allowed the chance to slaughter Polonium, ‘Now I may do it pat' he holds back in light of the fact that the casualty ‘now a will be a-supplicating' and the homicide at that point would send him o paradise'. He shows no leniency, choosing to Walt till later when he is carrying on In a manner ‘That has no relish of salvation Inner picking at that point to trip him that his heels may kick at heaven,] And that his spirit might be condemned and dark,' As damnation whereto It goes†¦ (ACTA, IS). It is conceivable in any case, that this case of deferring the retribution means that Hamlet was maybe hesitant, and didn't genuinely wish to execute him. This sign of curbed blame is likewise appeared in ACTA Scenes where Hamlet states ‘â⠂¬ ¦ I am myself detached fair, however yet I could blame me for such things, that it ere better my mom had not borne me. I am pleased, vindictive, yearning, with a greater number of offenses at my beck than I have contemplations to place them in, creative mind to give them shape, or time to act them in'.Finally, a Judgment of good uprightness can occur while seeing Hamlet's reaction to nearby laws. In this he fluctuated. By Hamlet choosing to take Claudia' life In return for his dads, he was following the agnostic worth frameworks of the time which acknowledged a ‘eye for an eye'. Notwithstanding, on finding that Guilelessness and be struck off (ACTA, IS), he took the commission, and illicitly supplanted it with a duplicate hurting that Without corruption further, more, or less,] He should those bearers put to abrupt death,] Not shriving time allowed'.Despite the activity sparing his life, Hamlet both overstepped a law, and guaranteed the demise of the individuals who used to be his companions. In this manner, however it shows up Hamlet accepted he should separate his retribution, and now and again demonstrated reluctance to do as such, by this activity and the conduct he used to do it Hamlet deceived the strict guidelines, rationale, sound judgment, soul and law of the Elizabethan time, Hamlet showed a, best case scenario clashed, and at the very least missing good trustworthiness.

Methodology of Student Perception of Quality - 5500 Words

Chapter 3: Methodology of Student Perception of Quality in Online Degree Programs (Dissertation Sample) Content: Chapter 3: Methodology of Student Perception of Quality in Online Degree Programs:A Study of The University of GhanaStudent Name:Student Number:Program:Assignment:Name(s) of the supervisor(s)Date submittedTable of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1.Introduction PAGEREF _Toc482681502 \h 42. Qualitative Research Approach PAGEREF _Toc482681503 \h 52.1.Strategy of inquiry PAGEREF _Toc482681504 \h 62.1.1.Case study PAGEREF _Toc482681505 \h 62.1.2.Background of Case Studies PAGEREF _Toc482681506 \h 73.Participants PAGEREF _Toc482681507 \h 93.1.Demography PAGEREF _Toc482681508 \h 93.2.Sampling PAGEREF _Toc482681509 \h 103.2.1.Methods PAGEREF _Toc482681510 \h 103.2.2.Application in the University of Ghana study PAGEREF _Toc482681511 \h 123.2.3.The actors PAGEREF _Toc482681512 \h 123.2.4.Types of data PAGEREF _Toc482681513 \h 134.Data Collection PAGEREF _Toc482681514 \h 154.1.The instrument PAGEREF _Toc482681515 \h 154.2.Interviews PAGEREF _Toc482681516 \h 164.3.Focus group disc ussions PAGEREF _Toc482681517 \h 185. Procedures PAGEREF _Toc482681518 \h 186. Data Analysis PAGEREF _Toc482681519 \h 197. Ethical Considerations PAGEREF _Toc482681520 \h 228. Trustworthiness PAGEREF _Toc482681521 \h 239. Potential Research Bias PAGEREF _Toc482681522 \h 2310. Limitations PAGEREF _Toc482681523 \h 23CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 1. IntroductionAccording to Bhattacherjee, (2012) research can only qualify as such if it contributes to a body of scientific knowledge and utilizes methods systematic methods. In this study, the researcher investigates the inadequacy of information on contributing factors to successful implementation of e-learning programs in distance higher education in sub-Saharan Africa with the aim of creating a solution to the problem. Factors affecting quality perceptions among students are evaluated to generate knowledge that can be critical in ensuring their engagement in degree courses offered online. The study also confines itself to the African continent where the concept has not taken off completely.To successfully accomplish this objective, it is necessary to go further than comparing the modes used in delivery of online programs. All factors that contribute to successful integration of Information and Communication Technology in delivering tertiary education should thus be investigated and conclusions drawn only from the exhaustive coverage of facts. It is also expected that findings made from the University of Ghana distance education program sample will be applicable across the board, both in Africa and abroad.Questions that the study aims to answer are; * What classroom level factors do students associate with successful ICT-driven distance tertiary education programs in regards to education quality? * What faculty level factors do students associate with successful ICT-driven distance tertiary education programs in terms of education quality? * What system level factors do students associate with successful of ICT-driven dist ance tertiary education programs in terms of education quality?From the research questioned stated above, it is evident that the study postulates a multi-level system of factors affecting perceptions of quality. These three levels of cause-effects will manifest in the manner of the research, the methods to be employed in collection, analysis, and evaluation of data. In this chapter, the procedures of generating first hand data will be outlined in depth as well as their theoretical implications on research outcomes. 2. Qualitative Research ApproachResearch is defined as the process of gathering, probing, and decoding data for the purposes of understanding an observed phenomenon that is organized and confined to clearly defined frameworks (Williams, 2007). There are two distinct and virtually opposite types of research, which have been used for the longest time to conduct studies in a diverse number of fields.Qualitative research constitutes of a holistic attitude focused on evaluatio n of social phenomena through the perceptions of the participants and is used mostly in social sciences based on its focus on establishing new concepts of a subject, (Zainal, 2007). Quantitative research emerged at about 1250AD as a method of gathering numbered or statistical data, with a methodology that distances researchers from the process and instead prioritizes objective data generation, (Williams, 2007).A third one, the mixed methods type of research, incorporates methods of gathering and examination of data from both of them emerged in the 1900s, (Williams, 2007). Its introduction was meant to address loopholes left by the extremes of the two existing methods and indicate that, contrary to popularly held belief at the time, the two are not completely incompatible. According to Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, (2004) mixed methods is especially well suited to education research as it does not confine students and researchers to the stiff guidelines expected to be adhered to in either of them. Another important feature of mixed methods is that it can be conducted to have varying levels of qualitative or quantitative features, creating a dominance of either style.This research will use interviews and focus groups discussions based on an open ended questioning template to collect data on the perceptions of quality in the University of Ghanas distance education program. Questionnaire templates enable the research inquiries to be confined within a relevant set of questions formulated for that particular research activity (Cln, 2013). 1 Strategy of inquiry 1 Case studyAs a style of research, qualitative method is divided into five distinct strategies namely case study, ethnography, grounded theory research, phenomenology, and content analysis, Creswell, (2007). Content analysis gives a thorough examination of a body of scientific information to identify new patterns, links, or to develop insights about a topic. Phenomenology concentrates on the understanding of event s from a particular subjects view (Wilson, 2015). Grounded theory generates conceptual theories on a subject from their point of view. Ethnography, on the other hand, involves the careful, sustained, and interactive study of cultural groups in their natural setting and collection of observational data.Case studies explore a single entity in a larger group, and making deductions on the bigger group based on the findings of the smaller one (Flyvbjerg, 2006). It is an important tool in the establishment of patterns, relationships, and theories on a subject matter, as it offers a detailed exploration of an event, process, or activity (Williams, 2007). According to Zainal, (2007) case studies are best suited for gathering data on social sciences, as they allow the researchers to move beyond research reports and come up with deeper comprehension of complicated topics from the rigorous study of part of the whole. They are further split into single instrument and collective case studies bas ed on the number of cases examined and thus the acceptability of findings, (Creswell, 2007).The weaknesses of single instrument case studies lay in creating presumptions of the whole population based on the research outcomes, which has been indicated to contain potential for disquieting bias. The partiality comes from the heterogeneity of populations playing against the non-probability methodologies of sample selection used in case studies. Several strategically selected cases make up collective case study strategy, the multiple samples in several case studies increase the sample population represented, thus the credibility. 2 Background of Case StudiesAccording to Flyvbjerg, (2006) case studies gained popular notoriety after Galileo used a simple self-evident experiment to disprove the long held Aristotelian law of gravity. The single case study used in that event was the speed of falling of a feather and a stone, which, being so extremely different, established the conclusions dra wn from the experiment as true for almost all materials. Case studies were also used by Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton to develop popularly accepted laws of physics, as well as social scientists Charles Darwin, Carl Marx, and Sigmund Freud (Flyvbjerg, 2007).Being a concept of research where a small sample is used to generate insight into a much larger group, the applicability of case studies have been questioned over the centuries by mainstream scholars. The determining factor that allows results from a case study to apply across a much larger population is unquestionable suitability of the selected event (Flyvbjerg, 2007). It should also be proved to be the most practical way of extracting data from a subject, and be suitable for the research questions formulated, (Zainal, 2007). In the event that a single case study is not sufficient to make conclusions about a subject, multiple case studies can be used to ascertain findings of a first (Creswell, 2007).The current research on pe rceptions of quality of online degree programs among students based on The University of Ghanas distance education program qualifies the research as a single instrument case study. While granting the research a huge opportunity to discover in greater detail facts about the topic due to the presence of a smaller sample population, the leap to be made from research findings to application in the industry will be much greater. TheWhile this single program will be used as the source of research data, the results from the study will be applied to other programs in different geographical locations. The advantages of the approach will be born out of a smaller test sample allowing the researcher to gather more detailed data. Rather than being speculative of some facts, all observations, deductions, and conclusions will be based on a tested process of interaction with the...

The Weapons and Tactics Used by Terrorists

Buddhism And The Human Condition - 1289 Words

In looking at the human condition, one cannot deny the immutable presence of suffering as a central tenet of life. Nobody, not even the Buddha, walks through life without experiencing pain, anguish, and suffering. However, one cannot experience suffering without also knowing its opposite of love, joy, and happiness. Buddhist terminology refers to these emotional states as dukkha and sukha. Importantly, however, these emotional conditions are impermanent and deeply related to one another. Dukkha comes from the fruitless but eternal human plight of grasping at an ephemeral sense of happiness. Too many live without acknowledging that their endeavors of maintaining a static feeling of bliss, or sukha, is both unrealistic and futile. While some would criticize this life philosophy as deeply pessimistic, the reality is that the Buddha’s observations are an insightful and irrefutable fact of life. The human race’s continuous inability to grasp the concept of life as suffering has led to the erroneous and often western misconception that Buddhism is an inherently cynical religion. This ethnocentric line of criticism, however, ignores the rewarding and deeply spiritual facets of Buddhism that attempt to enrich one’s life by mitigating dukkha. The Buddha’s Four Noble Truths reflects this understanding, and serves to remind adherents that life is suffering and that it arises from the existential plight of impermanence. In this vein, life is dukkha but there are ways to alleviate theShow MoreRelatedTheravada Buddhism And The Human Condition Essay2258 Words   |  10 PagesTheravada Buddhism is known to be the â€Å"a representative school of the earliest of the branches of Buddhism†, as it is also known as â€Å"Hinayana or the small vehicle† (Young). 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Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. Answer: Introduction Ageing is an inevitable, gradual and irreversible decline in an individuals level of physical and mental functioning. Some of the risk factors associated with age include persistent episodes of medical conditions, psychological instances, lifestyle, support system and the side effects of medications used. This essay will focus on the issues captured in Amalies scenario who is aged 89 years. She is born in Germany and married in Australia by a sailor who died two years ago after a tough struggle with lung cancer leaving her with the extended family. Her only social support is her daughter Tracy and her Son Dominik who stay far from her but they regularly keep in touch with her via mobile contacts and visits. Her health has been deteriorating whereby she recently developed dry macular degeneration and mobility difficulties due to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid. Functional Consequences Theory and Clinical Reasoning Cycle will be used in identifying patient nursing priorities, setting goa ls, taking actions and evaluating the outcomes. Her priority nursing priorities include nutrition, risk of falls and injuries and vision deficit. The first priority is vision. Vision is important in all daily activities. Vision deficits are commonly associated with ageing. Therefore, Amalie being 89 years old is at a high risk of vision loss associated with ageing. Vision weakens with age leading to development of macular degeneration which leads to loss of vision among old people. It damages the macula which is responsible for sharp and central vision (Satariano, Guralnik, Jackson, Marottoli, Phelan Prohaska, 2012). Macular degeneration does not completely lead to blindness but it interferes with the simple daily activities such as reading, driving, cooking, writing and fixing other things around the home compound (Satariano, Guralnik, Jackson, Marottoli, Phelan Prohaska, 2012 From the scenario, Amalie developed dry macular degeneration which led to her withdrawal from driving and other activities she was involved in. Secondly, the referral letter from her GP states that she has vision deficits. From the Scenario, Amalie has a positive medical history of Macular degeneration which largely contributes to her current history regarding her vision deficits (Rickman, Farsiu, Toth Klingeborn, 2013). Based on this information, it is clearly evident that Amalies vision is impaired and its a priority which should be considered in nursing care. According to Levett-jones clinical reasoning cycle, nurses should toughly assess the patient by taking a detailed history on age of the patient, medical and social history which is important in diagnosis and implementing care (Levett-Jones, 2013). Assessment on Amalies ability to carry out daily activities such as cooking, driving or reading should also be included to ascertain the impacts of vision deficit and to make a plan of care for Amalie. Nursing intervention should be implemented to ensure positive outcome whereby the patient should report improved vision and ability to carry out daily activities (Satariano, Guralnik, Jackson, Marottoli, Phelan Prohaska, 2012). The second priority is risk of falls and injuries. Falls pose great risk of injuries to old people. In accordance with Millers Functional Consequence theory, changes related to age require specialized nursing interventions since ageing is gradual and irreversible. Ageing is associated with reduced daily functioning due to reduced mobility, poor hearing and vision deficits (Gillespie, Robertson, Gillespie, Sherrington, Clemson Lamb, 2012). Risk factors associated with falls and injuries are categorized into four. Biological risks which include impaired gait and mobility (Hunter, 2016). Medical conditions such as osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism and rheumatoid contribute to risk of falls and a community nurse should assess this (Almeida, 2012). Environmental risks such as stairs, poor lighting, rails and uneven clutters contribute to falls and the nurse should assess them (Forsberg, Ziegert, Hult Fors, 2014). On top of this, inadequate feeding, isolation and living alone could cause health deterioration and reduced involvement in the community. In accordance with Levette-jones model of clinical reasoning, nurses need to perform a comprehensive assessment for Amalie in order to achieve positive functional consequences (Levett-Jones, 2013). Both subjective and objective data should be collected during the assessment. Objective data includes mental status whereby Amalia is too isolated, medical history and nursing diagnosis which subjective data include the environmental factors and ageing. Nursing reassurance and education are very helpful in this instance (Cameron, Gillespie, Robertson, Murray, Hill, Cumming Kerse, 2012). From the scenario, the third priority is altered nutritional patterns which is clearly evident by the fact that she has not been eating properly and she is drastically losing weight. This priority will incorporate the remaining four steps of the clinical reasoning model on top of the first four steps. Nutrition is a very important element and requirement for proper body metabolism and system functioning. In the elderly people, sufficient nutrition is important in prevention and management of any chronic illnesses that are associated with ageing. The remaining steps of the clinical reasoning cycle will be applied in this priority of altered nutritional patterns whereby the fourth step is setting goals. The four goals set regarding Amalies care are: The patient should be able to carry out daily activities such as feeding herself without assistance. Secondly, Amalie should demonstrate increased appetite and weight gain based on the nursing care provided. Thirdly, Amalie should be able t o interact with others without isolating herself. Fourthly, she should report reduced incidences of constipation throughout the nursing care (Forsberg, Ziegert, Hult Fors, 2014). Her deteriorating health condition and mobility problems made it difficult for her to perform daily living activities such as cooking leading to alteration of her feeding patterns hence altered level of nutrition. Therefore, Amalia required an assessment on nutritional intake since inadequate nutrition can result to a high risk of dehydration and malnutrition (Gallagher-Allred, Amenta, 2016). Gastrointestinal changes associated with ageing include reduced production of saliva, decreased sensation of taste and declined functioning of body organs which consequently affects the general body metabolism, digestion and absorption of nutrients in the body (Hunter, 2016). It also impacts on the ability to excrete through the kidney and delayed bowel movements leading to persisted constipation (Cameron, Gillespie, Robertson, Murray, Hill, Cumming Kerse, 2012). Ageing is also impacts on ones appetite, reduced appetite results from changes in the functioning of the oral cavity, loss of teeth, reduced taste buds and weakening of muscles in the mouth hence reducing the strength used in chewing food (Hunter, 2016). Other changes include reduced perception of thirst and decreased mastication due to the reduction in muscle strength. Growing old is also associated with reduced production of mucus that lubricates the intestinal walls for proper flow of food materials. Ageing also reduces the level of functioning of the gastrointestinal enzymes (WHO, 2015).This may lead to accumulation of food material in the gut leading to constipation due to delayed flow of food materials and egestion. All these issues leads to a high risk of development of gastrointestinal problems (Hunter, 2016). As it is stated in the scenario, Amalie is reported to have isolation behaviors which is a possible risk of alteration in level of nutrition. When one isolates himself or herself from others, he probably ends up without eating. Food could be given to her but it remains uneaten unless there is someone who aggressively follows on her to ensure that she has eaten the food. From the scenario, Amalie is becoming isolated and she does not want to involve her daughter Tracy and her son Dominik as she feels like she is bothering them (Gallagher-Allred Amenta, 2016 Amalie feels like she is a burden to her daughter who also has her family to cater for. Her son suggested for she goes to Germany to stay with him and his family where they can closely take care of him but she declined despite her gratefulness to them. Due to this isolation, she is not able to perform her daily activities and eating becomes a problem to her. Culture is a very important aspect regarding preference of food eaten by Amalie. Having come from Germany, Amalie would want her meals be prepared in accordance with her cultural preferences. Malnutrition resulting from altered nutrition leads to negative impacts such as loss of bone density, fatigue and risk of infections (Gallagher-Allred Amenta, 2016).Reducing level of functioning, depression, weight loss and anxiety also result from malnutrition (Piantadosi, 2017).Additionally, malnutrition is associated with hip fracture, risk of falls, impaired cognitive functioning and hypotension (Clegg, Young, Iliffe, Rikkert Rockwood, 2013). Appropriate nursing interventions need to be implemented to achieve the set goals. To identify the risk factors, assessment and screening tools should be applied in Amalies scenario. Furthermore, patients nutritional history, mini-nutritional assessment and physical examination are useful in identification of the risk factors (Rantanen, 2013). Physically, Amalies ability to chew and swallow and oral health should be assessed properly and proper measures be implemented (Cameron, Gillespie, Robertson, Murray, Hill, Cumming Kerse, 2012). Risks of falling, nutrition intake and weight loss should involve a dietitian in the care of the patient who can prescribe high protein and supplementation drinks to meet her nutritional needs (Rantanen, 2013). The second action regarding difficulties in cooking due to problems with mobility, vision deficit and health deterioration, nurses can offer available community agencies such as home care, meals on wheels or shopping services to ensure adequate feeding. Amalie should first be informed about these services due to her cultural preferences (Almeida, 2012). On the sixth step of the clinical reasoning cycle-taking action, one of the action that should be taken is assessment of the skin, mucous membrane, nails and hair to check for nutritional inadequacy. The patient should be reassessed to ascertain her well-being and any positive improvement (Alfaro-Lefevre, 2015). Another action is monitoringAmalies weight should be weekly monitored to ascertain weight loss or gain. The other action that should be taken is educating her about nutritional supplementation and drinks containing high proteins for maintenance of a healthy weight. Another important action is referring Amalie to a dietitian who should prescribe for her high protein and supplementation drinks for body maintenance and weight gain. Regarding isolation behaviors, the best action is referring her to a counsellor who should educate and talk to her on how to cope up with her health issues and promote socialization. Regarding the seventh step of the clinical reasoning cycle on evaluation of nursing care, Amalie should be able to cook and feed herself. She should have increased appetite and gained weight back to normal after the nursing care that will be provided (Karlsson, Magnusson, von Schewelov Rosengren, 2013). She should also be able to socialize with the community and have reduced risk of injuries and falls (Alfaro-Lefevre, 2015).Amalie also should be reporting reduced constipation after the nutritional review and management. For reflection of nursing care in this scenario, I now understand that ageing is a gradual and irreversible process and it is associated with different medical conditions and diseases which reduce the normal functioning of the old people. I understand that ageing associate with rheumatoid, macular degeneration and osteoarthritis. Additionally, I should have recommended for a nurse to provide home-based care to Amalie since she rarely leaves her house due to mobility problems. I now understand the applicability of the Clinical reasoning model and Millers Functional Consequences Theory in care of the old people. Conclusion The main aim of this essay was to give an analysis of Amalies Scenario and create a nursing plan of care using Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning model and Millers nursing wellness for older adults. Based on the provided information, it is clear that nurses require critical thinking in order to prioritize health issues of patients and be able to accordingly implement appropriate nursing interventions to meet the set goals and ensure positive outcomes. Initially, the three main priorities of the patient were identified and vital issues were discussed together with their impacts on the well-being of the patient. Additionally, collaborative approach of health care was discussed. This approach captured the role of nurses, dietitian and the family in provision of care for the patient. Millers theory and Levett-jones model was used to provide guidance towards development of the nursing care plan by highlighting the critical steps in assessment of patient, setting goals, implementing nursing c are and its evaluation based on the special health care needs of the old people and the various medical conditions associated with ageing. References Alfaro-Lefevre, R. (2015).Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, and Clinical Judgment E-Book: A Practical Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Almeida, M. (2012). Aging mechanisms in bone.BoneKEy reports,1(7). Cameron, I. D., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Murray, G. R., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G., Kerse, N. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals.The Cochrane Library. Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people.The Lancet,381(9868), 752-762. Forsberg, E., Ziegert, K., Hult, H., Fors, U. (2014). Clinical reasoning in nursing, a think-aloud study using virtual patientsA base for an innovative assessment.Nurse Education Today,34(4), 538-542. Gallagher-Allred, C., Amenta, M. O. R. (2016).Nutrition and hydration in hospice care: Needs, strategies, ethics. Routledge. Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L. M., Lamb, S. E. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,9(11). Hunter, S. (Ed). (2016). Millers nursing for wellness in older adults (2 nd Australia and New Zealand ed.) North Ryde, NSW: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Karlsson, M. K., Magnusson, H., von Schewelov, T., Rosengren, B. E. (2013). Prevention of falls in the elderlya review.Osteoporosis international,24(3), 747-762. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Rantanen, T. (2013). Promoting mobility in older people.Journal of preventive medicine and public health,46(Suppl 1), S50. Rickman, C. B., Farsiu, S., Toth, C. A., Klingeborn, M. (2013). Dry age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and imaging.Investigative ophthalmology visual science,54(14), ORSF68-ORSF80. Satariano, W. A., Guralnik, J. M., Jackson, R. J., Marottoli, R. A., Phelan, E. A., Prohaska, T. R. (2012). Mobility and aging: new directions for public health action.American Journal of Public Health,102(8), 1508-1515. World Health Organization. (2015).World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization.